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We summarized an abstract on this study in our SNO 2024 Highlights (see CTIM-28), but the full publication is now available. The study investigated giving pembrolizumab (an anti-PD1 drug) before surgery to recurrent GBM patients, followed by continued pembrolizumab after surgery. The results showed this approach led to changes in the tumor's immune environment, including increased T-cell activity and interferon-related gene expression. However, despite the encouraging molecular changes, this treatment did not demonstrate a significant survival benefit. Future research should explore combining this approach with additional complementary therapies.