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VMX01 is an oral bacterial vaccine designed to stimulate VEGFR2-specific killer T-cells, which disrupt the tumor's blood supply and enhance immune cell infiltration. In this Phase 2a study, the combination of VMX01 and avelumab (a PD-L1 inhibitor) for recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) was generally well tolerated. In the total evaluable study population (n=25), median progression free survival was 2.7 months and median overall survival was 11.1 months. Among patients with resected recurrent disease, overall survival ranged from 2.2 months to 46.5 months. Notably, the study investigators identified potential pharmacodynamic and predictive biomarkers related to tumor response that could be leveraged in future trials.